§@ªÌ Cibala (Sula) ¼ÐÃD ºû®Ú´µ©Z ®É¶¡ Fri Oct 24 23:07:41 1997 ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ¡@¡@ºû®Ú´µ©Z¬O¤@Ó©_©Çªºõ¾Ç®a¡A°£¤F±MªùŪõ¾Çªº¤H¥H¥~¡A¤£¤Ó¦³¤Hª¾¹D¥Lªº¦W¦r¢÷ ¡@¡@§Ú̵e¤@¹Ï¡G ¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¥@¬É ¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡þ¡@¡@¢@ ¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡þ¡@¡@¡@¡@¢@ ¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@»{ª¾¡Ð¡Ð¡Ð¡Ð»y¨¥ ¡@¡@¦è¬võ¾Ç¤@ª½³ò¶³o¤TªÌ¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¡A¨È¨½´µ¦h¼w«K¤w·NÃѨì³o¤TªÌ¡A¦ý¥u¬Oµ¹»P¤F ¤@ºØ¯À¾ë¹ïÀ³ªº¸ÑÄÀ¡A¥L»{¬°¤H¯à°÷»{ª¾³o¥@¬É¦Ó¥B¡A¯à°÷¥Î¤@Ó§PÂ_¨Óªí¥Ü¥¦¡A³oÓ§P Â_ªº¥¿½T»P§_¨ú¨M©ó¦¹¥@¬Éªº¨Æ¹ê¢÷¦Ó¨È¨½´µ¦h¼w§â«ÂIÂ\¦b¥@¬É¡A¬ã¨s¥Nªíªº¬O§Î¤W¾Ç ¢÷²Ã¥dº¸¥H«á¶}©lª`·N¨ì¤Hªº»{ª¾¯à¤Oªº°ÝÃD¡A¿³½ìÂà¦Vª¾ÃѽפWªº°ÝÃD¡A±d¼w¬°¨ä°ª®p ¢÷·í¥Nõ¾Ç«h·NÃѨì»y¨¥ªº°ÝÃD¡A¶}©l¹ï»y¨¥¦³²`¤@¼hªº±´°Q¢÷ ¡@¡@õ¾Ç̤£¥u¬O°Q½×»y¨¥ªº·½°_¡D¬yÅÜ¡A¥L̯S§O¬Ý«¡A»y¬ã»P¥@¬É¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y»P»y¨¥ »P»{ª¾ªÌªºÃö«Y¢÷¤Æ¦¨°ÝÃD§Y¡Ð¡Ð»y¨¥¥H¦óºØ¤è¦¡«ü¯A¦¹¥@¬É¡H»y¨¥¦p¦ó»P»{ª¾¥DÅéµo¥Í Ãö«Y§Y¤H¦p¦ó¨Ï¥Î»y¨¥¢÷ ¡@¡@¹ï»{ª¾¯à¤O¦³ªº¤H¨Ó»¡¡A¶V¾aªñ§Ú̪ºªF¦è§Ú̬ݪº¶V¤£²M·¡¡D¡D§Ú̱`±`¨Ï¥Î»y ¨¥·¾³q¡D§PÂ_¡Dµo°Ý¡A«o©¹©¹¤£¯d¤ß¦Û¤v¨Ï¥Î»y¨¥ªº¤è¦¡¡DºA«×¬O§_½T·í¡A·í¥Nõ¾Ç»{¬° ¥²¶·¥ý¼á²M³o¤@ÂI¡A¤~¯à¨Ï§Ú̪º°Q½×½T·í¡D¡D¡D ¡@¡@ºû®Ú´µ©Z«K¬O¤@Ó»y¨¥õ¾Ç·¥«nªºõ¾Ç®a¡A¹ï©ó§Ú̪º»y¨¥¦p¦ó«ü¯A³oÓ¥@¬É¡D¦p ¦ó»P³oÓ¥@¬Éµo¥ÍÃöÁp¡A¦³µÛ²`¨èªº¨£¸Ñ¢÷¦A¨Ì·Ó»y¨¥»P¥@¬ÉªºÃö«Y¡A¬°»y¨¥µe¤U¤@¹D¬É ¡A«ü¥X¹ï§Ú̦Ө¥¡A¨º¨ÇªF¦è¬O¥i»¡ªº¡D¨º¨Ç¬O¤£¥i»¡¢÷ºû®Ú´µ©Z»{¬°¦b³o¼Ëªº°Ï¤À¤U ¡Aõ¾Çªº°ÝÃD³Q¸Ñ¨M¤j¥b¡A¦]¬°¥LÌ¥ø¹Ï¨¥»¡¤£¥i¨¥»¡¤§¨Æ¡D¡D¡Dºû®Ú´µ©Zªºõ¾Ç¤À¨âÓ ¶¥¬q¡A¡G ¡@¡@¤@¡D«e´Á¡G¥HTractatus¬°¥Nªí¡A§^¤HºÙ¤§¬°»y¨¥ªº¹Ï¹³»¡¢÷ ¡@¡@¤G¡D«á´Á¡G¥HPhilosophy Incestigation¬°¥Nªí¡AºÙ¤§¬°»y¨¥¹CÀ¸»¡¢÷ ¡@¡@ºû®Ú´µ©Z©_©Çªº´N¬O¥L«á´Áªº«ä·QÄY¼F§åµû«e´Á¡A¦Ó¥L«e´Áªº«ä·Q»á¬°ÅÞ¿è¹êÃÒ½×©Ò ªY½à¡A¬O»á»Åªº¤@ÂI¡D¡D¡D¡D ¡@¡@±µ¤U¨Ó§Ú̦AºCºC½Í¡A¥L«e¨äªº¹Ï¹³»¡¡D¡D¡D¡D¡D«ÝÄò¡D¡D¡D¡D¡D ====================================================================== §@ªÌ Cibala (Sula) ¼ÐÃD ºû®Ú´µ©ZÄò(¤@) ®É¶¡ Tue Oct 28 20:32:54 1997 ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ¡@¡@¤W¦¸¤j·§¤¶²Ð¤F¤@¤U·í¥Nõ¾Ç»y¨¥õ¾ÇªºÂà¦V¡A²{¦b§Ú̦A¥¿¦¡¶}©l°Q½×¡D¡D¡D¡D ¡@¡@ºû«e´Áõ¾Ç§^¤HºÙ¤§¬°»P¨¥¹Ï¹³»¡¡A²³æªº»¡´N¬O»y¨¥¬O¥@¬Éªº¤@´T¹Ï¹³¡A¤]¥i¥H »¡¬O¤@Ó¼Ò«¬¡A§Ų́ӬݬݡD¡D¡D ¡@The world is all that is the case. The world is the totality of facts, not of things. The world is determined by the facts, and by their being all facts. The world divides into facts What is the case-a fact-is the existence of state of affairs A state of affairs is a combination of object. It is essential to things that they should be possible constituent of state of affairs. §Ṳ́F¸Ñ¤@¤Uºûªº¥@¬ÉÆ[¡G ¥@¬É¥Ñfacts²Õ¦¨¡A¤£¬O¥Ñthings²Õ¦¨¡Athings¥Ñ§ó²Óªºstate of affairs²Õ¦¨¡Afacts ¬O¤£¦P©óstate of affairsªº¡A¦bÅÞ¿è¤Wªº·N«ä¤£¤@¼Ë¡A§ÚÌ¡D¡D¡D¡D¦pªG¦³¿³½ì¦A°Ý§Ú §a¡IJohn Benwise¹ï¥¦¦³¶i¤@¨Bªºµo®i! §Ú̲³æªº»¡¡Astate of affairs¥i¥H»¡¬Oì¤l¨Æ¹êatomic fact¡A¨Æ¹ê¤Wºûªº½×»¡²Ä ¤@ª©´N¬O¥Î³oӽ͡A¤Ï¥¿´N¬O¹ï¨Æ¹ê©Ò§@ÅÞ¿è¤ÀªR«á³Ì¤pªº¨Æ¹ê³¡¥÷¢÷ ì¤l¨Æ¹ê¤S¬O¥Ñobject²Õ¦¨¡A¦ý¹ïºû¦Ó¨¥¡Aobject¨Ã«D¥@¬Éªº³Ì«á¤¸¯À¦]¬°¡A«ÈÅé¨ä ¹ê¬O¨Ìªþì¤l¨Æ¹ê¦s¦bªº¡Aºû¤S»{¬°«ÈÅé¬O²³æªº¡A¦Ó¥B¬Oobject make up the substance of worldºû¦³¤@Ó¥i¯à¥@¬Éªº·§©À¡A·N«ä¬O¥t¤@Ó¥i¯à¥@¬Éªº«ÈÅé¸ò¦¹¥@¬É ¦P¥u¬O²Õ¦X¤è¦¡¤£¦P¡A§Ṳ́£¯à·Q¹³¤@ºØ§¹¥þ¨S¨£¹Lªº·sÃC¦â¡A¥i¬O¥i¥H·Q¹³¤@¨Ç©_©Ç ªº²Õ¦X¦p¡G²{¥N¦³¤ÕÀs¡@¡D¡D¡D¡D¡D ¡@«á¨Ó³oÓ·§©À¨ì¤FKripke¤â¤W¦³¶i¤@¨Bªºµo®i¡A¦³¿³½ì¦b¨Ó°Q½×¡D¡D¡D¡D ¡@ºûªº¥@¬Éªº¤ÀªR¬O¯Â©â¶Hªº¡AÁ|¤£¥X¹ê¨Ò¡A©Ò¥H«Ü©êºp¡D¡D¡D¡D¡D ¡@«ÝÄò¡D¡D¡D¡D¡D ======================================================================= §@ªÌ Cibala (Sula) ¼ÐÃD ºû®Ú´µ©ZÄò ®É¶¡ Wed Nov 5 14:34:14 1997 ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w ¨C¦¸¶}©l§Ú³£·|¸`¤@¬qTractatusªº¸Ü§@¬°°Q½×ªº¤º®e.....½Ð°È¥²¬Ý!! The picture facts to ourselves. *A picture presents a stituation in logical space, the existence and non-existence of states of affairs. A picture is a model ofo reality. *In a picture object have elements of the picture corresponding to them. In a picture elements of the picture are representatives of objects. A picture is a fact. The fact that the elements of a picture are related to one another in a determinate way represents that things are related to one another in the same way. *Let us call this connexion of its elements the structure of the picture, and let us call the possibility of this structure the pictorial form of the picture. *Pictorial form is the possibility that things are related to one another in the same way as the elements of the picture. *That is how a picture is attached to reality; it reaches right out to it. *There must be something identical in a picture and what it decipts, to enable the one to be a picture of the other at all, is its pictorial form. Logical picture can depicts the world. A picture represents a possibe situation in logical space. What a picture represents is its sense. It is impossible to tall from the picture alone whether its true or false. There are no pictures that are true a priori ³o¬O²Ä¤G³¹ªº¸`¿ý....... Sorry ¥ý¤Þ¥X¥y¤l, ¥ß¨è¸É¤W»¡¦W..... =================================================================== §@ªÌ Cibala (Sula) ¼ÐÃD ºû®Ú´µ©ZÄò¡]¸ÑÄÀªO¡^ ®É¶¡ Sun Nov 9 20:10:01 1997 ¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w¢w Ä~Äò..... ¤W¤@½g½Íºû®Ú´µ©Z¦p¦óºc³y¥@¬É¡A³o¤@½g§Ú̽ͥLºc³y»y¨¥¢÷ ¡@¡@²Ä¤@¥yÅã¥Ü¤Fºû«ä·Qªº¤¤¤ß¡A»y¨¥¬O¥@¬Éªº¹Ï¹³¡A¬O¹ê¦b¬Éªº¼Ò«¬¢÷§A¥i¥H·Q¹³¤@ Ó¤pªº±Ð«Çùئ³¤@ӦѮv¤Ó¾Ç¥Í¡AµM«á§Ú̧@¤@Ó¹ïÀ³³oөж¡ªº¼Ò«¬¡Aùر¥Î¤p¤H ªº¼Ò«¬¥N´À¯u¹êªº¤H¡A±Æ¤W¤@ӦѮv¼Ò«¬¦b¥[¤W¤Ó¾Ç¥Í¡A¦p¦¹«K¥i¸ÑÄÀ¸Ó©Ð¶¡ªºª¬ªp ¢÷¤@¥ó¦³½ìªº¬O¡A³oÓ¼Ò«¬¬OÀRºAªº¡D¡D§ÚÌn»¡³o¬O»y¨¥ªº¨î¶Ü¡H ¡@¡@¢÷¢ó¡I§Ú̪º»y¨¥«K¬O¦p¦¹¦a¤ÏÀ³¹ê¦b¬É¡A¥u¤£¹L¥N´À¯u¹êª«ªº¼Ò«¬¬O¤@¨Ç»y¥y©M »yµü½}¤F¡I¨ä¹ê§A¥i¥H§â¥¦·Qªº§ó²³æ¡Aºû·Qªº´N¬OÅÞ¿è¤Wªº¤@¤@¹ïÀ³¡A¨Ò¦p¡G®à¤l³o Ó¹ê¦b¬Éªº¹êÅé¹ïÀ³µÛ<®à¤l>³oÓ¦Wµü¢÷°O±o§ÚÌ«e±»¡ªººûªº¥@¬ÉÆ[¬O¥Ñ¤@ºØÅÞ¿èµ² ºc²Õ¦¨ªº¡A§Y¡G ¡@¡@¡@¡@¡@¥@¬É¥Ñ¨Æ¹ê²Õ¦¨¡GThe world is all that is the case. ¨Æ¹ê¥Ñ°ò¥»ªºì¤l¨Æ¹ê²Õ¦¨¡GWhat is the case is the existence of states of affairs. °ò¥»¨Æ¹ê¥Ñ«ÈÅé²Õ¦¨¡GA states of affairs is a combination of object. ºûªº»y¨¥Æ[¤]¬O¦p¦P¤WªÌ¡A¦³©Ò¿×¹ïÀ³objectªºname¡A¹ïÀ³states of arrairsªº elementary proposition¡A©M¹ïÀ³caseªºproposition¢÷³o¨Ç¦bºûªº«ä·Q¬O¤@ºØ¹ïÀ³²Õ¦X ªºÃö«Y¡A¨Æ¹ê¥Ñì¤l¨Æ¹ê²Õ¦¨¡F©RÃD¤]¥Ñ°ò¥»©RÃD²Õ¦¨µ¥µ¥¡D¡D¡D¤ñ¸û½ÆÂøªº©RÃD§ÚÌ ¥i¥H§â¥¦¤À¸Ñ¬°¤ñ¸û²³æªº©RÃD¦Ó¥B¥Ñ¤@Ó¯uÈ¨ç¼Æ±o¨ì¢÷¦p§Ú»¡¡G§Ú¤µ¤Ñ¥h³Ü¯ù¤S¥h ¬Ý¹q¼v¡A³oÓ©RÃD¥i¤À¸Ñ¬° §Ú¤µ¤Ñ¥h³Ü¯ù and §Ú¤µ¤Ñ¥h¬Ý¹q¼v¡A³o¥y¸Üªº¯u°²«K¨ú¨M ©ó¡G¨âÓ°ò¥»©RÃDªº¯u°²È¡AY¨â©RÃD¬Ò¬°¯u¡A«h¦¹©RÃD¬°¯u¡FY¨ä¤¤¦³¤@¬°°²¡A«h¾ã ¥y¬°°²¢÷¥Ñ°ò¥»»y¥y©M¤@¨Ç¯uÈ¨ç¼ÆªºÅÞ¿è²Å¸¹¥i¥H¨M©w¤@»y¥yªº¯u°²È¢÷ ¡@¡@ºûºÙ³o¨Ç¤¸¯À¤§¶¡ªº³sµ²¬°¥¦ÌªºStructure¡A§â§Ú¥i¯àµo¥Íªº¤@²ÕStructureºÙ¬° pictorial form¡A¥¦¬O¹ê¦b¬Éªº³sµ²¡A¤]³Q¤Ï¬M¦b»y¨¥¬É¢÷©Ò¥H»y¨¥¥i¥H´yz¹ê¦bªº¹Ï ¹³¡A¦]¥¦Ì¦b¤¸¯À»Pµ²ºc¤W©¼¦¹¹ïÀ³¬ÛÃö¢÷ ¡@¡@¨º»y¨¥³Ì®Ú¥»¥u¬O»P¹ê¦b¹ïÀ³¦Ó¤w¡AµL¥ô¦óÃö«Y¡H¨S¿ù¡Iºû»¡¡GIt reaches right out to it!§ÚÌ¥iÂǹï»y¥yªº¤ÀªRÁÙ쬰°ò¥»©RÃD¥H¦Ü©ó¤@°ï¦WºÙªºÅÞ¿è²Õ¦X¡A¦ý¡A¦W ºÙ»P¹ê¦b¬É´N¶È¶È¬O¹ï¤W¥h´N¬O¹ï¤W¥h¤F¡I§ÚÌ¥i»¡¥¦¬O¥ô·Nªº¡A³W¬ùªº¡AµL½×¦p¦ó³o ¨Ç°ò¥»¶ì§÷³£¬O¥²nªº¡I ¡@¡@¹ïºû¦Ó¨¥¨S¦³¥ýÅç¯uªº©RÃD¡A»y¨¥¬O¹ê¦b¬Éªº¤ÏÀ³¡A¯u°²«K¨ú¨M©ó¦¹¨âªÌªº¹ïÀ³¦Ó «D¬O¤@ºØ»y¥yªºzµü¡IÅ޿襻¨¤ä«ù³oºØÆ[ÂI¡A¥L¦b¬YºØµ{«×¤W°±¤î¤FÃö©ó¯u²zÆ[ªº¬Y ºØµL«á°h¡A«á¨Ó¦bTarskiªº¤â¤W¤j©ñ²§±m¡I ¡@¡@³oùئ³¤@Ó§xÃø¥²n»¡©ú¡Gºû¦bºc¦¨©RÃD°£¤F¥Î¨ì°ò¥»©RÃD¡D¦WºÙµ¥ª«©|¥Î¨ìÅÞ¿è ²Å¸¹¡I³o¨ÇªF¦è¬O¤°»ò¡H¦³ªF¦è¹ïÀ³¥¦¶Ü¡H³oùزo¯AÅ޿誺¤@Ó¤ñ¸û½ÆÂøªºÆ[©À¥s¡G disappearance theory of logical constants §ÚÌ«K¸õ¹L§a¡I¦bºûªº«ä·Q¤¤¡AÅÞ¿è¬O ¹ê¦b¬Éªº§Î¦¡¡A¦ÓÅÞ¿è±`µü¥Nªí¥¦¡AÅÞ¿è¹M¥¬¥@¬É¡A¥@¬Éªº¬É´N¬OÅ޿誺¬É¡I ¡@¡@¥Ø«e¬°¤î¡Aºû¬°»y¨¥µe¤Uªº¬É¬O¦ÛµM¬ì¾ÇªºÁ`¦X¡A¥i¬O³oºØ«ä¦Ò¥u¬O¤ñ¸û¯À¾ëªº ¬ì¾ÇÆ[¢÷«á¨ÓªºÆ[¹î»y¥y²z½×»y¥yªº°ÝÃD¤´¥¼¥X²{¡I©Ò¦³¦¹¥H¥~ªºªF¦è¦p§Î¤W¾Ç¡D©v±Ð ³£¬O¥ø¹Ï¨¥»¡¤£¥i¨¥»¡ªÌ¡I§ÚÌ¥ý¦Ü¦¹¬°¤î¡A¦AÄò¡I ========================================================================¦^¨ì¤W¤@¼h